Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Energy Transformation and End Use - Table ES3. Summary of Total Energy Subsidy Elements in Federal Programs by Fuel and Program Type on a Budget Outlay Basis, Fiscal Year 1999

Fuel	Type of Subsidy				Total
	Direct Expenditures	Tax Expenditures		Research and Development
	Direct Expenditures	Income	Excise	Research and Development
Oil	255	263	0	49	567
Gas	501	1,048	0	115	1,664
Coal	0	85	0	404	489
Oil, Gas, and Coal Combined^a	0	205	0	0	205
Nuclear	0	0	0	640	640
Renewables	44	15	^b725	327	1,111
Electricity^c	459	195	0	^d33	687
Conservation	166	110	0	0	276
End Use	0	105	0	454	559
Total	1,425	2,026	725	2,021	6,198
^aThe category Oil, Gas, and Coal Combined includes expenditures that were not allocated to any one of the three individual fuels. ^bAlcohol fuels excise tax. ^cFurther estimates of Federal electricity supports, not included in this table, are presented in Chapter 4. ^dElectricity research and development includes only Advanced Turbine Systems. Other generation technology research and development is distributed by fuel. Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Sources: Energy Information Administration, Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy Markets 1999: Primary Energy, SR/OIAF/99-03 (Washington, DC, September 1999), and estimates presented in this report.