Table 9.  Projected Energy Intensities for Industrial Process Steps and End Uses

Industry/Process Step or End Use

1990+9% Low Technology

1990+9%

1990+9% High Technology

Food

1.00

0.89

0.79

 Direct Fuel 1.00 0.88 0.79
 Hot Water/Steam 1.00

0.89

0.79

 Refrigeration

1.00

0.90

0.79
 Other Electric 1.00

0.90

0.79
Pulp and Paper 1.00 0.78 0.64
 Paper Making 1.00 0.77 0.62
 Bleaching 1.00 0.86 0.78
 Waste Fiber Pulping 1.00 0.94 0.87
 Mechanical Pulping 1.00 0.92 0.96
 Semi-Chemical 1.00 0.86 0.91
 Kraft, Sulfite, misc. 1.00 0.78 0.61
 Wood Preparation 1.00 0.95 0.92
Bulk Chemicals 1.00 0.95 0.85
 Electrolytic 1.00 0.91 0.83
 Other Electric 1.00 0.90 0.83
 Direct Fuel 1.00 0.88 0.83
 Steam/Hot Water 1.00 0.89 0.83
 Feedstocks 1.00 0.99 0.87
Glass 1.00 0.73 0.59
 Post-Forming 1.00 0.91 0.94
 Forming 1.00 0.89 0.88
 Melting/Refining 1.00 0.63 0.41
 Batch Preparation 1.00 0.96 0.99
Cement 1.00 0.85 0.77
 Finish Grinding 1.00 0.82 0.72
 Dry Process 1.00 0.83 0.66
 Wet Process 1.00 0.93 0.97
Steel 1.00 0.81 0.50
 Cold Rolling 1.00 0.56 0.33
 Hot Rolling 1.00 0.65 0.37
 Ingot Casting/Primary Rolling 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Continuous Casting 1.00 1.08 1.06
 Blast Furnace/Basic Oxygen Furnace 1.00 1.10 0.50
 Electric Arc Furnace 1.00 1.00 0.62
 Coke Oven 1.00 1.00 0.98
Primary Aluminum 1.00 0.87 0.71
Notes: The energy intensity for the low technology case is defined as 1.0. The 1990+9% case and high technology case energy intensities are indexed against the energy intensity for the low technology case. The intensities are not additive within an industry. Source: The high technology sensitivity case is based in part on an analysis prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc., Aggressive Technology Strategy for the NEMS Model (1998).