Notes and Sources 

1  Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. Australia, Belarus, Turkey, and the United States are Annex I nations that will not participate in the Protocol.

2  For consistency, OECD includes all members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as of February 1, 2006, throughout all time series presented in this publication.

3  Proved reserves, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal, are estimated quantities that can be recovered under present technology and prices. Oil reserves reported by the Oil & Gas Journal are compiled from voluntary survey responses and do not always reflect the most recent changes. Changes made to individual countries’ reserves during 2005 are not likely to be reflected in the reserves reported here. 

4  The USGS provides three point estimates of undiscovered and inferred resources: the mean, a 5-percent lower bound, and a 95-percent upper bound with no price relationship.

5  Proved reserves, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal, are estimated quantities that can be recovered under present technology and prices. Natural gas reserves reported by the Oil & Gas Journal are compiled from voluntary survey responses and do not always reflect the most recent changes. Significant natural gas discoveries made during 2005 are not likely to be reflected in the reported reserves. 

6  Algeria, United States, Libya, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Qatar, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Oman.

7  Throughout this chapter, tons refer to short tons (2,000 pounds). 

8  Recoverable reserves are those quantities of coal which geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be extracted in the future under existing economic and operating conditions. 

9  Based on the IEO2006 reference case forecast for coal consumption, and assuming that world coal consumption would continue to increase at a rate of 2.0 percent per year after 2030, current estimated recoverable world coal reserves would last for about 70 years.

10  Internationally, the term “hard coal” is used to describe anthracite and bituminous coal. In data published by the International Energy Agency, coal of subbituminous rank is classified as hard coal for some countries and as brown coal (with lignite) for others.

11 In IEO2006, “net electricity consumption” equals total electricity generation, plus electricity imports, minus electricity exports, minus electricity used within the power station, minus electricity distribution losses as electricity flows from the power plant to the end user.

12 In the SAGE model it is possible to distinguish between the electricity generated and heat produced by combined heat and power (CHP) plants; however, it is not possible to determine separately the quantities of each fuel used for electricity generation and for production of heat. Thus, “fuel for electricity generation” also includes fuel that more properly would be attributed to heat production.

13 Most technologies that generate electricity from natural gas are also capable (with some mechanical modification) of burning oil, with the exception of diesel-fired generators. Therefore, natural-gas- and oil-fired capacity are roughly interchangeable. SAGE model results are used for all regions except the United States, where natural gas and oil “capacities” have been assumed to equal their respective shares of electricity production. Distinctions between natural gas and oil are provided for fuel inputs and the electricity generated from the two fuels.

14 In keeping with current international practice, IEO2006 presents data on carbon dioxide emissions in million metric tons of carbon dioxide. The figures can be converted to carbon equivalent units by multiplying by 12/44.

15 As of April 16, 2006, 162 countries and the European Community had ratified, accepted, acceded to, or approved the Kyoto Protocol. A list of the 162 countries is provided in Appendix J.

16 The countries using a base year other than 1990 are Bulgaria (1988), Hungary (1985-1987), Poland (1988), and Romania (1989).

17 For key assumptions in the Kyoto Protocol case, see Appendix G.

18 Credits are traded in Euros. The conversion rate used here is 1.19 U.S. dollars per Euro.

19 EIA data differ slightly from the data submitted to the UNFCCC for energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. It is assumed that the differences will not have a significant effect on estimates of abatement costs.

20  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Database, Queried for 2003 “National Totals” and “Total Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)” for all greenhouse gases for all Annex I countries except Russia, Poland, and Liechtenstein, web site http://ghg.unfccc.int/index.html. 

21  Turkey and Croatia are Annex I nations that have not ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change and did not commit to quantifiable emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, the United States withdrew from the Protocol, and in 2002 Australia announced that it will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol unless the United States does.