Annual Energy Outlook 2003 with Projections to 2025
Reference Case

Table 3. Energy Prices by Sector and Source
(2001 Dollars per Million Btu, Unless Otherwise Noted)

Sector and Source
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2001-
2025
                                                       
Residential
14.58
15.80
14.15
13.99
13.83
13.74
13.54
13.55
13.59
13.75
13.84
13.97
14.02
14.12
14.21
14.25
14.33
14.33
14.37
14.39
14.53
14.51
14.64
14.67
14.83
14.82
-0.3%
Primary Energy 1/
8.50
9.73
7.84
8.18
7.97
7.82
7.72
7.74
7.81
7.86
7.96
8.01
8.05
8.08
8.15
8.18
8.21
8.20
8.18
8.19
8.27
8.25
8.29
8.36
8.44
8.50
-0.6%
Petroleum Products 2/
11.12
10.85
9.77
10.35
10.14
9.74
9.58
9.66
9.71
9.76
9.90
10.00
10.06
10.15
10.29
10.32
10.38
10.39
10.49
10.63
10.70
10.77
10.83
10.89
10.95
11.01
0.1%
Distillate Fuel
9.67
8.99
8.14
9.08
8.43
7.88
7.81
7.81
7.85
7.89
7.96
8.05
8.11
8.21
8.37
8.36
8.40
8.40
8.50
8.66
8.72
8.78
8.82
8.86
8.89
8.93
0.0%
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
13.85
14.84
12.73
13.16
13.79
13.70
13.37
13.62
13.68
13.74
14.01
14.09
14.12
14.18
14.25
14.31
14.36
14.38
14.42
14.47
14.52
14.58
14.63
14.70
14.78
14.84
0.0%
Natural Gas
7.75
9.41
7.29
7.58
7.39
7.31
7.23
7.25
7.32
7.38
7.48
7.52
7.56
7.59
7.65
7.68
7.71
7.70
7.66
7.66
7.74
7.71
7.75
7.83
7.92
7.99
-0.7%
Electricity
24.49
25.35
23.96
23.10
22.96
22.83
22.43
22.28
22.17
22.38
22.34
22.51
22.49
22.62
22.66
22.66
22.76
22.70
22.77
22.74
22.93
22.87
23.07
23.02
23.22
23.07
-0.4%
                                                       
Commercial
14.14
15.47
14.13
13.56
13.29
13.16
12.92
12.92
13.02
13.24
13.35
13.49
13.57
13.70
13.85
13.96
14.13
14.17
14.28
14.34
14.55
14.55
14.73
14.78
14.98
15.00
-0.1%
Primary Energy 1/
6.74
7.81
6.11
6.28
6.06
6.00
5.95
6.01
6.12
6.21
6.34
6.40
6.46
6.50
6.58
6.61
6.64
6.64
6.63
6.65
6.74
6.73
6.78
6.86
6.94
7.01
-0.4%
Petroleum Products 2/
7.82
7.27
7.10
7.42
6.83
6.67
6.57
6.61
6.67
6.70
6.78
6.87
6.91
7.00
7.13
7.15
7.19
7.23
7.32
7.45
7.50
7.56
7.60
7.67
7.72
7.78
0.3%
Distillate Fuel
7.27
6.40
6.08
6.51
5.75
5.57
5.50
5.51
5.55
5.59
5.66
5.76
5.82
5.92
6.08
6.09
6.13
6.17
6.28
6.44
6.49
6.56
6.60
6.67
6.71
6.75
0.2%
Residual Fuel
3.53
3.46
4.15
4.41
4.01
3.91
3.93
3.95
3.97
3.98
4.01
4.03
4.06
4.08
4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18
4.21
4.23
4.26
4.29
4.32
4.35
4.38
1.0%
Natural Gas
6.64
8.09
6.04
6.19
6.03
5.99
5.95
6.02
6.14
6.24
6.38
6.44
6.50
6.54
6.61
6.64
6.68
6.67
6.64
6.65
6.75
6.73
6.78
6.86
6.95
7.02
-0.6%
Electricity
21.86
23.22
21.90
20.73
20.39
20.12
19.63
19.48
19.48
19.72
19.73
19.85
19.86
19.99
20.14
20.25
20.48
20.49
20.67
20.69
20.96
20.90
21.14
21.11
21.35
21.26
-0.4%
                                                       
Industrial 3/
7.08
7.10
5.74
6.07
6.05
5.97
5.89
5.97
6.07
6.16
6.26
6.34
6.40
6.50
6.59
6.63
6.70
6.72
6.75
6.80
6.88
6.90
6.99
7.03
7.13
7.15
0.0%
Primary Energy
5.91
5.83
4.55
4.90
4.86
4.77
4.70
4.78
4.86
4.93
5.07
5.15
5.22
5.32
5.40
5.44
5.48
5.51
5.53
5.58
5.62
5.65
5.71
5.77
5.83
5.88
0.0%
Petroleum Products 2/
8.21
7.72
6.27
6.76
6.79
6.66
6.58
6.67
6.73
6.78
6.94
7.04
7.10
7.25
7.36
7.42
7.46
7.51
7.57
7.66
7.63
7.70
7.76
7.82
7.88
7.94
0.1%
Distillate Fuel
7.38
6.55
6.14
6.57
5.79
5.62
5.55
5.56
5.62
5.66
5.73
5.87
5.92
6.06
6.24
6.28
6.34
6.47
6.59
6.75
6.80
6.93
7.02
7.13
7.18
7.25
0.4%
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
12.03
12.34
8.20
8.62
9.41
9.33
8.99
9.23
9.28
9.32
9.59
9.66
9.70
9.78
9.85
9.91
9.95
9.99
10.03
10.08
10.12
10.17
10.22
10.28
10.35
10.40
-0.7%
Residual Fuel
3.34
3.28
3.85
4.14
3.72
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.67
3.69
3.71
3.73
3.75
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.85
3.87
3.89
3.91
3.94
3.97
4.00
4.03
4.07
4.10
0.9%
Natural Gas 4/
4.62
4.87
3.40
3.72
3.58
3.52
3.46
3.53
3.64
3.75
3.89
3.96
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.18
4.22
4.22
4.19
4.21
4.32
4.33
4.39
4.46
4.52
4.57
-0.3%
Metallurgical Coal
1.66
1.69
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.43
1.43
1.41
1.41
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
-0.9%
Steam Coal
1.43
1.46
1.48
1.47
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
-0.5%
Electricity
13.46
14.10
12.99
12.88
12.82
12.75
12.55
12.56
12.63
12.75
12.64
12.62
12.61
12.68
12.76
12.78
12.94
12.90
13.01
13.00
13.25
13.20
13.43
13.37
13.62
13.46
-0.2%
                                                       
Transportation
11.11
10.28
9.73
10.33
10.06
9.93
10.01
10.15
10.15
10.24
10.28
10.25
10.22
10.16
10.18
10.19
10.22
10.34
10.39
10.41
10.39
10.43
10.48
10.58
10.63
10.81
0.2%
Primary Energy
11.08
10.25
9.70
10.30
10.03
9.90
9.99
10.13
10.12
10.21
10.25
10.23
10.19
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.19
10.32
10.37
10.38
10.37
10.40
10.46
10.55
10.61
10.79
0.2%
Petroleum Products 2/
11.08
10.25
9.70
10.30
10.03
9.91
9.99
10.13
10.13
10.22
10.26
10.23
10.20
10.14
10.16
10.17
10.19
10.32
10.37
10.39
10.37
10.41
10.46
10.56
10.61
10.80
0.2%
Distillate Fuel 5/
10.99
10.05
9.31
9.95
9.60
9.36
9.56
10.07
9.98
10.11
10.22
10.32
10.20
10.08
10.02
10.09
10.11
10.16
10.22
10.20
10.16
10.29
10.39
10.45
10.46
10.52
0.2%
Jet Fuel 6/
7.26
6.20
5.90
6.33
5.81
5.61
5.49
5.56
5.58
5.61
5.62
5.76
5.78
5.87
5.96
6.03
6.05
6.15
6.24
6.32
6.33
6.45
6.57
6.64
6.66
6.72
0.3%
Motor Gasoline 7/
12.42
11.57
10.96
11.58
11.38
11.30
11.38
11.41
11.42
11.50
11.53
11.42
11.39
11.33
11.35
11.34
11.37
11.54
11.59
11.60
11.60
11.59
11.62
11.74
11.81
12.08
0.2%
Residual Fuel
4.48
3.90
3.73
4.01
3.58
3.45
3.48
3.49
3.51
3.53
3.55
3.58
3.60
3.62
3.64
3.66
3.68
3.70
3.73
3.75
3.77
3.80
3.84
3.87
3.90
3.94
0.0%
Liquefied Petroleum Gas 8/
16.45
16.93
14.83
15.25
15.02
14.89
14.62
14.79
14.88
14.92
15.21
15.32
15.25
15.32
15.40
15.46
15.48
15.47
15.47
15.50
15.50
15.51
15.48
15.53
15.63
15.63
-0.3%
Natural Gas 9/
6.76
7.65
6.01
6.36
6.17
6.12
6.21
6.42
6.67
6.88
7.08
7.21
7.33
7.41
7.51
7.57
7.62
7.62
7.61
7.63
7.75
7.74
7.80
7.88
7.99
8.07
0.2%
Ethanol (E85) 10/
17.72
17.72
17.72
20.13
19.36
19.50
19.84
21.01
21.23
21.53
21.32
21.32
22.17
22.21
22.30
22.43
22.52
22.65
22.72
22.78
22.87
22.91
23.00
23.13
23.36
23.44
1.2%
Electricity
22.07
21.84
20.81
20.09
19.99
19.72
19.24
19.03
18.97
19.02
18.99
18.97
18.90
18.88
18.84
18.75
18.78
18.58
18.51
18.37
18.37
18.13
18.13
17.96
18.01
17.82
-0.8%
                                                       
Average End-Use Energy
10.63
10.74
9.65
9.92
9.76
9.67
9.62
9.70
9.74
9.85
9.92
9.97
9.99
10.03
10.09
10.13
10.20
10.27
10.32
10.35
10.42
10.44
10.53
10.59
10.69
10.78
0.0%
Primary Energy
8.65
8.52
7.47
7.93
7.76
7.67
7.69
7.80
7.86
7.95
8.05
8.08
8.10
8.13
8.18
8.22
8.26
8.34
8.38
8.41
8.43
8.46
8.52
8.61
8.67
8.80
0.1%
Electricity
20.17
21.30
20.21
19.41
19.22
19.06
18.68
18.55
18.52
18.70
18.65
18.73
18.71
18.81
18.90
18.95
19.12
19.09
19.22
19.21
19.45
19.39
19.61
19.56
19.79
19.66
-0.3%
                                                       
Electric Generators 11/                                                      
Fossil Fuel Average
2.01
2.14
1.66
1.74
1.71
1.71
1.68
1.68
1.74
1.77
1.82
1.85
1.89
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.04
2.07
2.09
2.13
2.14
0.0%
Petroleum Products
4.62
4.73
4.28
4.74
4.26
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.14
4.23
4.27
4.36
4.33
4.33
4.41
4.43
4.45
4.49
4.53
4.57
4.60
4.72
4.70
4.82
4.90
4.98
0.2%
Distillate Fuel
6.73
6.20
5.60
6.04
5.20
5.01
4.95
4.96
5.00
5.04
5.13
5.23
5.29
5.42
5.54
5.60
5.64
5.74
5.86
6.02
6.06
6.04
6.23
6.22
6.16
6.18
0.0%
Residual Fuel
4.39
4.50
4.01
4.35
3.99
3.85
3.89
3.90
3.88
3.96
3.97
4.01
4.01
4.03
4.04
4.07
4.08
4.11
4.14
4.17
4.21
4.25
4.29
4.34
4.36
4.40
-0.1%
Natural Gas
4.42
4.78
3.07
3.42
3.29
3.27
3.24
3.32
3.48
3.62
3.79
3.88
3.98
4.04
4.11
4.14
4.18
4.17
4.16
4.18
4.30
4.30
4.38
4.45
4.54
4.60
-0.2%
Steam Coal
1.23
1.25
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.10
-0.5%
                                                       
Average Price to All Users 12/                                                      
Petroleum Products 2/
10.23
9.54
8.87
9.46
9.26
9.13
9.17
9.31
9.32
9.41
9.48
9.50
9.48
9.49
9.53
9.56
9.59
9.70
9.76
9.80
9.78
9.83
9.89
9.98
10.03
10.18
0.3%
Distillate Fuel
10.05
9.16
8.53
9.17
8.72
8.47
8.60
8.98
8.94
9.06
9.17
9.29
9.23
9.19
9.20
9.26
9.29
9.36
9.44
9.48
9.46
9.58
9.69
9.76
9.78
9.83
0.3%
Jet Fuel
7.26
6.20
5.90
6.33
5.81
5.61
5.49
5.56
5.58
5.61
5.62
5.76
5.78
5.87
5.96
6.03
6.05
6.15
6.24
6.32
6.33
6.45
6.57
6.64
6.66
6.72
0.3%
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
12.38
12.85
9.18
9.55
10.29
10.20
9.86
10.09
10.14
10.17
10.42
10.48
10.49
10.56
10.62
10.67
10.72
10.74
10.77
10.82
10.85
10.90
10.93
10.99
11.07
11.11
-0.6%
Motor Gasoline 7/
12.42
11.57
10.96
11.58
11.38
11.29
11.38
11.41
11.42
11.50
11.53
11.42
11.39
11.33
11.35
11.34
11.37
11.54
11.59
11.60
11.60
11.59
11.62
11.74
11.81
12.08
0.2%
Residual Fuel
4.28
4.11
3.83
4.10
3.70
3.57
3.59
3.61
3.63
3.66
3.68
3.71
3.73
3.75
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.84
3.87
3.89
3.92
3.95
3.98
4.02
4.05
4.08
0.0%
Natural Gas
5.59
6.40
4.61
4.93
4.78
4.74
4.67
4.74
4.82
4.91
5.03
5.08
5.15
5.19
5.24
5.26
5.30
5.29
5.25
5.25
5.35
5.34
5.39
5.46
5.53
5.60
-0.6%
Coal
1.24
1.26
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
-0.5%
Ethanol (E85) 10/
17.72
17.72
17.72
20.13
19.36
19.50
19.84
21.01
21.23
21.53
21.32
21.32
22.17
22.21
22.30
22.43
22.52
22.65
22.72
22.78
22.87
22.91
23.00
23.13
23.36
23.44
1.2%
Electricity
20.17
21.30
20.21
19.41
19.22
19.06
18.68
18.55
18.52
18.70
18.65
18.73
18.71
18.81
18.90
18.95
19.12
19.09
19.22
19.21
19.45
19.39
19.61
19.56
19.79
19.66
-0.3%
                                                       
Non-Renewable Energy Expenditures by Sector                                                      
(billion 2001 dollars)                                                      
Residential
155.98
166.69
151.96
156.86
157.69
157.91
157.67
159.33
161.78
164.59
166.98
169.78
172.09
174.12
176.55
178.50
181.40
182.29
184.42
186.39
190.35
191.32
194.74
197.12
201.60
202.99
0.8%
Commercial
114.28
127.06
116.72
114.57
115.35
116.43
116.50
118.42
121.15
124.99
127.99
131.40
134.28
137.77
141.54
144.89
149.01
151.88
155.76
159.07
164.11
166.81
171.64
174.89
179.95
182.88
1.5%
Industrial
143.44
135.20
111.63
119.21
119.88
118.73
118.40
122.00
125.74
130.11
135.28
139.71
143.49
147.40
151.21
153.72
156.53
158.73
161.65
165.05
169.19
171.86
176.72
180.26
185.55
188.45
1.4%
Transportation
290.84
270.40
258.62
279.94
277.92
280.74
290.64
302.84
311.14
322.56
332.93
340.62
347.34
353.17
360.82
367.91
375.18