Fuel Economy
Improvement
(percent)

Maximum
Penetration
(percent)

Introduction
Year

Capital Cost
(2001 dollars)

Medium

   Heavy

  Medium

   Heavy

Medium

 Heavy

Medium

Heavy

Aero Dynamics: bumper,
underside air baffles, wheel well covers

 2.3

2.7

50

66

2005

2005

$280

$550

Low rolling resistence tires

3.6

2.3

50

40

2004

2005

$800

$1,500

Transmission: lock-up, electronic
  controls, reduced friction    

1.8

1.8

100

100

2005

2005

$900

$1,000

Diesel Engine:  
  hybrid electric powertrain

36.0

N/A

15

N/A

2010

N/A

$8,000

N/A

  Reduce waste heat, thermal mgmt

N/A

9.0

N/A

35

N/A

2010

N/A

$2,000

Gasoline Engine:

       Direct injection

10.8

N/A

25

N/A

2008

N/A

$700

N/A

Weight Reduction

4.5

9.0

20

30

2007

2005

$2,000

$2,000

Diesel Emission
  NO_x non-thermal plasma catalyst

-1.5

-1.5

25

25

2006

2007

$1,200

  $1,250

    PM catalytic filter

-2.5

-1.5

95

95

2006

2006

$1,250

  $1,500

    HC/CO: oxidation catalyst

-0.5

-0.5

95

95

2002

2002

   $200

$250

    NO_X adsorbers

-3.0

-3.0

90

90

2006

2007

$2,000

$2,500