Endnotes for Market Trends

94. The energy-intensive manufacturing sectors include food, paper, bulk chemicals, petroleum refining, glass, cement, steel, and aluminum.

95. S.C. Davis and S.W. Diegel, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 25, ORNL-6974 (Oak Ridge, TN, May 2006), Chapter 4, “Light Vehicles and Characteristics,” web site http://cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter4.shtml.

96. Unless otherwise noted, the term “capacity” in the discussion of electricity generation indicates utility, nonutility, and CHP capacity. Costs reflect the average of regional costs, except that a representative region is used to estimate costs for wind plants.

97. Customer-sited PV does not include off-grid PV. Based on 1989-2006 annual PV shipments, EIA estimates that as much as 210 megawatts of remote PV applications for electricity generation (off-grid power systems) were in service in 2006, plus an additional 526 megawatts in communications, transportation, and assorted other non-grid-connected, specialized applications. See Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, DOE/EIA-0384 (2007) (Washington, DC, June 2008), Table 10.8, “Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-2006,” web site www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html. The approach used to develop the table, based on shipment data, provides an upper estimate of the size of the PV stock, including both grid-based and off-grid PV. It overestimates the size of the stock, because shipments include a substantial number of units that are exported, and each year some of the PV units installed in earlier years are retired from service or abandoned.

98. Energy Information Administration, “The Bakken Formation Helps Increase U.S. Proved Reserves of Oil,” This Week in Petroleum (March 4, 2009), web site http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/twiparch/090304/twipprint.html.