Petroleum Market Module

[1]  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Tier 2” Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline  Sulfur Control Requirements, February 2000, (Washington, DC). 

[2]  Federal Register, Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 80, Regulation of  Fuels  and Fuel   Additives:  Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline,  Rules and Regulations, p. 7800,  (Washington, DC, February 1994). 

[3]  Marano, John, "Alternative Fuels Technology Profile: Cellulosic Ethanol", March 2008. 

[4]  Ibid. 

[5] U.S. Department of Agriculture, "USDA Agricultural Baseline Projections to 2017," February 2008, http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/oce081. 

[6] Ibid 

[7] Shapouri Hosein; Gallagher, Paul; and Graboski, Mike.  USDA's 1998 Ethanol Cost-of-Production Survey.  January 2002. 

[8]  Marland, G. and A.F. Turhollow. 1991."CO₂ Emissions from the Production and Combusion of Fuel Ethanol from  Corn." Energy, 16(11/12):1307-1316. 

[9] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Requirements, EPA420-R-00-026 (Washington, DC, December 2000). 

[10]  American Petroleum Institute, How Much We Pay for Gasoline:  1996 Annual Review, May 1997. 

[11]  Marano, John, "Alternative Fuels Technology Profile: Coal to Liquids", March 2008. 

[12]  The 2023 RFS levels used in the PMM reinstates the temporary reductions (1.1 billion gallons) that were needed in 2022 for the all fuels, advanced biofuels, and cellulosic biofuel categories.