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1
States participating in RGGI are Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces, and New Brunswick are observers in the process. |
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2
See web site www.rggi.org. |
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3
See web site http://westernclimateinitiative.org. |
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4
Observers to the Western Climate Initiative are: Alaska, Colorado, Kansas, Nevada, Wyoming, the Canadian Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan and the Mexican State of Sonora. |
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5
Supreme Court of the United States, “Massachusetts et al. v. Environmental Protection Agency et al.” No. 05-1120, Argued 11/29/06, Decided 4/22/07. See web site www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-1120.pdf. |
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6
The charter member States and Tribes include Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the Campo Kumayaay Nation. |
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7
Founding members include the charter members plus Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, Pueblo of Acoma and Southern Indian Tribes, British Columbia, and Manitoba. |
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8
See web site www.theclimateregistry.org. |
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9
Additional members as of October 2007 are Idaho, Iowa, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, and the Mexican State of Sonora. |
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10 “Chicago Climate Exchange to Form Carbon Trading Market in California,” Point Carbon, web site www.pointcarbon.com/ Home/News/All%20news/article22509-703.html (May 29, 2007). |
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11 “Germany, California Discuss Cooperation on Carbon Markets,” Point Carbon, web site www.pointcarbon.com/article.php? articleID=24257 (August 31, 2007). |
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12
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Washington State Passes Climate Change Legislation,” web site www.eere.energy.gov/states/news_detail.cfm/news_id=10776 (May 7, 2007). |
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13
Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer, Signing Statement, House Bill 25, web site http://governor.mt.gov/news/docs/ HB25SigningStatement.pdf (May 14, 2007). |
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14 “U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement,” web site www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/agreement.htm (July 13, 2007). |
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15
ICLEI was founded in 1990 as the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, when more than 200 local governments from 43 countries convened at the inaugural World Congress of Local Governments for a Sustainable Future at the United Nations in New York City. ICLEI began with the idea that one municipality could have a measurable effect on a global scale, which led to the realization that the cumulative effect of cities working in partnership would be profound. At the congress, ICLEI was recognized as the international environmental agency for local governments. See web site www.iclei.org/index.php?id=800. |
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16
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001). |
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17
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996). |
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18
Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2007, DOE/EIA-0383(2006) (Washington, DC, February 2007), Table A5, web site www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/excel/aeo_base.xls. |
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19
Electrical system energy losses are calculated as the difference between total primary consumption by the electric power sector and the total energy content of retail electricity sales. |
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20
R.A. Betts, P. D. Falloon, K.K. Goldewijk, and N. Ramankutty, “Biogeophysical Effects of Land Use on Climate: Model Simulations of Radiative Forcing and Large-Scale Temperature Change,” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 142 (2007), pp. 216-233. |
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21
R.A. Betts, K.K. Goldewijk, and N. Ramankutty, “Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Surface Albedo Change Before and Since 1750,” Hadley Center Technical Note, No. 70 (2006), web site www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/pubs/HCTN/HCTN_70.pdf. |
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22
J.J. Feddema, K.W. Oleson, G.B. Bonan, L.O. Mearns, L.E. Buja, G.A. Meehl, and W.M. Washington, “The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates,” Science, Vol. 310, No. 5754 (December 9, 2005), pp. 1674-1678. |
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23
A. Fischlin, G.F. Midgley, J.T. Price, R. Leemans, B. Gopal, C. Turley, M.D.A. Rounsevell, O.P. Dube, J. Tarazona, and A.A. Velichko, “Ecosystems, Their Properties, Goods, and Services,” in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson, eds. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 211-272, web site www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm. |
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24
S.G. Gibbard, K. Caldeira, G. Bala, T.J. Philips, and M. Wickett, “Climate Effects of Global Land Cover Change,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32 (2005), p. L23705, web site www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/324200.pdf. |
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25
It is important to note that the planting of trees often has other ecological and societal benefits, which are not discussed here. |
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26
S.G. Gibbard et al., “Climate Effects of Global Land Cover Change” (2005). |
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27
R.A. Betts et al., “Biogeophysical Effects of Land Use on Climate: Model Simulations of Radiative Forcing and Large-Scale Temperature Change” (2007). |
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28
J.J. Feddema et al., “The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates” (2005). |
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29 J.J. Feddema et al., “The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates” (2005). |
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30 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007—The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007). |
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