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2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Overview
U.S. Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990-2004
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Carbon Dioxide |
Carbon Equivalent |
| Estimated 2004 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) |
5,973.0 |
1,629.0 |
| Change Compared to 2003 (Million Metric Tons) |
101.2 |
27.6 |
| Change from 2003 (Percent) |
1.7% |
1.7% |
| Change Compared to 1990 (Million Metric Tons) |
970.7 |
264.7 |
| Change from 1990 (Percent) |
19.4% |
19.4% |
| Average Annual Increase, 1990-2004 (Percent) |
1.3% |
1.3% |
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Figure Data |
Carbon dioxide emissions in the United States and its Territories were
5,973.0 million metric tons (MMT) in 2004, 101.2 MMT (1.7 percent) more
than in 2003 (Table 5). The increase in emissions from 2003 to 2004 can
be attributed mainly to an increase in overall U.S. economic growth in
2004 of 4.2 percent, including an increase in industrial production. As
a result of the higher economic growth rate, fossil fuel consumption and
carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation and industrial sectors increased
(Table 6). The 1.7-percent increase in total emissions from 2003 to 2004
followed an increase of 1.1 percent, or 63.3 MMT, from 2002 to 2003 (Figure
1). Since 1990, total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions have increased by an
average of about 1.3 percent per year.
Carbon dioxide emissions represent about 84 percent of total U.S. greenhouse
gas emissions. In the United States, most carbon dioxide (98 percent) is
emitted as the result of the combustion of fossil fuels; consequently,
carbon dioxide emissions and energy use are highly correlated. (The remaining
2 percent of carbon dioxide emissions comes from a variety of other industrial
sources.) Historically, economic growth, the weather, the carbon and energy
intensity of the economy, and movements in energy prices have caused year-to-year
fluctuations in energy consumption and resulting carbon dioxide emissions.
In both the residential and commercial sectors, 2004 energy-related carbon
dioxide emissions were virtually unchanged from 2003 levels (Table 6).
In the residential sector, emissions of carbon dioxide decreased by 0.1
percent, from 1,213.2 MMT in 2003 to 1,212.0 MMT in 2004. In the commercial
sector, carbon dioxide emissions increased by 0.3 percent, from 1,021.1
MMT in 2003 to 1,024.2 MMT in 2004. Growth in energy consumption, and subsequently
emissions, was mitigated in both sectors, because both a warmer winter
and a cooler summer than in 2003 reduced heating and cooling degree-days
by 3.8 and 4.4 percent, respectively.
Industrial production rose by 4.1 percent in 2004, and industrial emissions
of carbon dioxide rose by 2.6 percent, from 1,685.6 MMT in 2003 to 1,730.2
MMT in 2004 (Table 6). Trends in industrial emissions are driven in part
by growth patterns in the six most energy-intensive manufacturing industries,
which account for about two-thirds of total industrial emissions of carbon
dioxide. In 2004, there was growth in all six energy-intensive industries.
Three of those manufacturing industries grew at rates greater than the
overall GDP growth rate of 4.2 percent: paper by 5.6 percent, primary metals
by 5.5 percent, and nonmetallic minerals by 4.6 percent. The other three
grew by less than overall GDP: the petroleum industry by 3.9 percent, the
food industry by 3.2 percent, and chemicals by 2.0 percent.
Estimates for 2004 indicate that, as a result of strong growth in demand
for transportation services, carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation
sector increased by 3.1 percent, from 1,875.7 MMT in 2003 to 1,933.7 MMT
in 2004 (Table 6). If these preliminary numbers prove accurate, this would
be the highest growth rate in transportation-sector emissions of carbon
dioxide during the 1990 to 2004 period.
Net generation of electricity increased by 1.9 percent from 2003 to 2004,
although carbon dioxide emissions from the electric power sector increased
by only 0.9 percent, from 2,278.8 MMT in 2003 to 2,298.6 MMT in 2004 (Table
6). Accordingly, the overall carbon intensity of U.S. electricity production
fell by about 1.1 percent. The decrease in carbon intensity was driven
by an increase in the use of natural gas to generate electricity, while
coal use for generation was essentially flat. Natural gas has a lower carbon
content than the coal it displaced and generally higher efficiency when
used to produce electricity. In addition, generation from “non-carbon”
nuclear and renewable fuels increased by 21 billion kilowatthours (2.0
percent).54
In this report, the electric power sector is defined as all utilities,
nonutilities, and combined heat and power (CHP) facilities whose primary
business is the production of electric power. Carbon dioxide emissions
from generators that produce electric power as part of an industrial or
commercial operation—that is, businesses that produce electricity primarily
for their own use—are not included in the electric power sector total but
are assigned to the industrial or commercial sector according to the classification
of the business. In addition, the emissions totals reported above for the
energy end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation)
include their shares of total electric power sector emissions.
Nonfuel uses of fossil fuels, principally petroleum, both emit and sequester
carbon dioxide over their life cycles. In 2004, carbon dioxide emissions
from nonfuel uses of fossil fuels totaled 114.3 MMT, an 8.6-percent increase
from the 2003 total of 105.2 MMT (Table 5). Nonfuel uses of fossil fuels
also resulted in carbon sequestration equal to 316.6 million metric tons
carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2e) in 2004, a 7.7-percent increase from
the 2003 level of 294 MMTCO2e.55 The major fossil fuel products that emit
and sequester carbon include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and feedstocks
for plastics and other petrochemicals. Asphalt and road oils are a major
source of sequestration, but they do not emit carbon dioxide. It is estimated
that, of the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in the form of plastic,
about 11.0 MMT was emitted as carbon dioxide from the burning of the plastic
components of municipal solid waste to produce electricity in 2004. The
2003 estimate of 18.8 MMT is used in this report as an estimate for total
2004 emissions of carbon dioxide from all burning of wastes, because the
2004 estimate is not yet available.
Emissions of carbon dioxide from other sources— including cement production,
industrial processes, waste combustion, carbon dioxide in natural gas,
and gas flaring—increased by 2.7 percent, from 102.2 MMT in 2003 to 105.0
MMT in 2004 (Table 5).
Energy Consumption
Energy End-Use Sector Sources of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990-2004
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| Sector |
Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide |
Percent
Change |
| 1990 |
2004 |
1990-
2004 |
2003-
2004 |
| Residential |
953.7 |
1,212.0 |
27.1% |
-0.1% |
| Commercial |
780.7 |
1,024.2 |
31.2% |
0.3% |
| Industrial |
1,692.2 |
1,730.2 |
2.2% |
2.6% |
| Transportation |
1,569.9 |
1,933.7 |
23.2% |
3.1% |
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The consumption of energy in the form of fossil fuel combustion is the
largest single contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
and the world. Of total 2004 U.S. carbon dioxide emissions (adjusting for
U.S. Territories and bunker fuels), about 98 percent, or 5,868.0 MMT carbon
dioxide, resulted from the combustion of fossil fuels. This figure represents
an increase of 1.7 percent from 2003 levels.
In the short term, year-to-year changes in energy consumption and carbon
dioxide emissions tend to be dominated by weather, economic fluctuations,
and movements in energy prices. Over longer time spans, changes in energy
consumption and emissions are also influenced by other factors, such as
population shifts and energy consumers’ choice of fuels, appliances, and
capital equipment (e.g., vehicles, aircraft, and industrial plant and equipment).
The energy-consuming capital stock of the United States—cars and trucks,
airplanes, heating and cooling plants in homes and businesses, steel mills,
aluminum smelters, cement plants, and petroleum refineries—changes slowly
from one year to the next, because capital stock usually is retired only
when it begins to break down or becomes obsolete.
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) divides energy consumption
into four general end-use categories: residential, commercial, industrial,
and transportation. Emissions from electricity generators, which provide
electricity to the end-use sectors, are allocated in proportion to the
electricity consumed in, and losses allocated to, each sector (Table 6).
Residential Sector
At 1,212.0 MMT, residential carbon dioxide emissions represented 21 percent
of U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2004. The residential
sector’s pro-rated share of electric power sector emissions, 837.3 MMT,
accounts for more than two-thirds of all emissions in the residential sector
(Table 7).56 Natural gas accounted for 22 percent (265.5 MMT), and petroleum
(mainly distillate fuel oil) represented 8.9 percent (108.0 MMT). Since
1990, residential electricity-related emissions have grown by 2.2 percent
annually. In contrast, emissions from the direct combustion of fuels, primarily
natural gas, in the residential sector have grown by 0.7 percent annually
since 1990.
Total carbon dioxide emissions from the residential sector decreased by
0.1 percent in 2004. Year-to-year, residential sector emissions are strongly
influenced by weather. The warmer winter in 2004, relative to 2003, was
a contributor to the 2004 decrease in residential sector emissions. In
addition, the 2004 summer was cooler than in 2003, leading to a drop in
both heating and cooling degree-days of about 4 percent.57
Since 1990, the growth in carbon dioxide emissions attributable to the
residential sector has averaged 1.7 percent per year. Residential sector
emissions in 2004 were 258.3 MMT higher than in 1990, representing 29 percent
of the total increase in unadjusted U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide
emissions since 1990. Long-term trends in residential carbon dioxide emissions
are strongly influenced by demographic factors, living space attributes,
and building shell and appliance
efficiency choices. For example, the movement of population into warmer
climates tends to increase summer air conditioning consumption and promote
the use of electric heat pumps, which increases emissions from electricity
use (although the increase could be offset by a reduction in emissions
from heating fuel combustion). Growth in the number of households, resulting
from increasing population and immigration, contributes to more residential
energy consumption.
Commercial Sector
Commercial sector carbon dioxide emissions, at 1,024.2 MMT, accounted for
about 17 percent of total energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2004,
of which 78 percent (795.4 MMT) is the sector’s pro-rated share of electricity-related
emissions (Table 8). Natural gas contributes 16 percent and petroleum 6
percent of the sector’s emissions.
Commercial sector emissions largely have their origin in the lighting,
space heating, and space cooling requirements of commercial structures,
such as office buildings, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and restaurants.
Lighting is a significantly more important component of energy demand in
the commercial sector (approximately 20 percent of total demand in 2003)
than it is in the residential sector (approximately 12 percent of total
demand in 2003). Heating and cooling demand accounted for approximately
41 percent of energy demand in the residential sector in 2003, and about
20 percent in the commercial sector.58 Thus, commercial sector emissions
are affected less by the weather than residential sector emissions. In
the longer run, because commercial activity is a factor of the larger economy,
emissions from the commercial sector are more affected by economic trends
and less affected by population growth than are emissions from the residential
sector.
Emissions attributable to the commercial sector’s pro-rated share of electricity
consumption increased by 1.5 percent in 2004, and emissions from the direct
combustion of fuels (dominated by natural gas, as in the residential sector)
decreased by 3.6 percent. Overall, carbon dioxide emissions related to
commercial sector activity increased by 0.3 percent—from 1,021.1 to 1,024.2
MMT—between 2003 and 2004 (Table 8). Since 1990,
commercial emissions growth has averaged 2.0 percent per year, the largest
growth of any end-use sector. Commercial sector carbon dioxide emissions
have risen by 243.4 MMT since 1990, accounting for 27 percent of the total
increase in U.S. unadjusted energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.
Industrial Sector
Industrial sector emissions, at 1,730.2 MMT carbon dioxide, accounted for
29 percent of total U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2004.
In terms of fuel shares, electricity consumption was responsible for 38
percent of total industrial sector emissions (660.9 MMT), natural gas for
26 percent (441.9 MMT), petroleum for 26 percent (440.6 MMT), and coal
for 10 percent (181.0 MMT).
Estimated 2004 energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in the industrial
sector, at 1,730.2 MMT (Table 9), were 2.6 percent higher than the 2003
emissions level of 1,685.6 MMT. Carbon dioxide emissions attributable to
industrial sector energy consumption, while fluctuating from year to year,
have increased by an average of only 0.2 percent per year since 1990. As
a result, total energy-related industrial emissions in 2004 were just 2.2
percent (38.0 MMT) higher than in 1990, despite a much larger economy.
A contributing factor to the slow growth in industrial sector carbon dioxide
emissions (it has the lowest growth rate of any of the end-use sectors)
is the erosion of the older energy-intensive (and specifically coal-intensive)
industrial base. For example, coke plants consumed 38.9 million short tons
of coal in 1990, as compared with 23.7 million short tons in 2004. Other
industrial coal consumption declined from 76.3 million short tons in 1990
to 61.2 million short tons in 2004. Also, the share of manufacturing activity
represented by less energy-intensive industries, such as computer chip
and electronic component manufacturing, has increased while the share represented
by energy-intensive industries has fallen.
Transportation Sector
Carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector, at 1,933.7 MMT,
accounted for 33 percent of total U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions
in 2004. Almost all (98 percent) of transportation sector emissions result
from the consumption of petroleum products: motor gasoline, at 60 percent
of total transportation sector emissions; middle distillates (diesel fuel)
at 22 percent; jet fuel at 12 percent of the total; and residual oil (i.e.,
heavy fuel oil, largely for maritime use) at 2.8 percent of the sector’s
total emissions. Motor gasoline is used primarily in automobiles and light
trucks, and middle distillates are used in heavy trucks, locomotives, and
ships.
Emissions attributable to the transportation sector increased by 3.1 percent
in 2004, from 1,875.7 MMT carbon dioxide in 2003 to 1,933.7 MMT in 2004
(Table 10). The fuel-use patterns and related emissions sources in the
transportation sector are different from those in the other end-use sectors.
By far the largest single source of emissions, motor gasoline, at 1,162.6
MMT carbon dioxide, grew by 1.9 percent. Emissions from motor gasoline
were mitigated somewhat by a 24-percent increase in the consumption of
ethanol. Carbon dioxide emissions from ethanol consumption are considered
to be zero, because the carbon in the fuel is derived primarily from corn,
and it is assumed that an equivalent amount of carbon will be sequestered
during the corn-growing season.
Since 1990, carbon dioxide emissions related to the transportation sector
have increased at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent. The growth since
1990 has meant that transportation emissions have increased by 363.7 MMT,
representing 40 percent of the growth in unadjusted energy-related carbon
dioxide emissions from all sectors. Transportation is the largest contributing
end-use sector to total emissions.
Electric Power Sector
Electric Power Sector Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Fuel Input, 1990-2004
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| Fuel |
Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide |
Percent
Change |
| 1990 |
2004 |
1990-
2004 |
2003-
2004 |
| Petroleum |
100.9 |
97.4 |
-3.5% |
0.3% |
| Natural Gas |
176.9 |
295.9 |
67.3% |
6.6% |
| Coal |
1,519.1 |
1,893.9 |
24.7% |
0.1% |
| Total |
1,803.1 |
2,298.6 |
27.5% |
0.9% |
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The data in Table 11 represent estimates of carbon dioxide emissions for
the electric power sector. These emissions when taken as a whole account
for 39 percent of total U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions; in
calculating sector-specific emissions, electric power sector emissions
are distributed to the end-use sectors. The electric power sector includes
traditional regulated utilities, as well as independent power producers
whose primary business is the generation and sale of electricity. The industrial
sector and, to a much lesser extent, the commercial sector also include
establishments that generate electricity; however, their primary business
is not electricity generation, and so their electricity-related emissions
are included in the totals for those sectors, not in the electric power
sector.
Preliminary estimates indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from the electric
power sector increased by 0.9 percent (19.7 MMT), from 2,278.8 MMT in 2003
to 2,298.6 MMT in 2004 (Table 11). Emissions from natural-gas-fired generation
increased by 6.6 percent, from coal-fired generation by 0.1 percent, and
from petroleum-fired generation by 0.3 percent. Carbon dioxide emissions
from the electric power sector have grown by 28 percent since 1990, while
total unadjusted energy-related carbon dioxide emissions have grown by
18 percent. Of the total growth in energy-related carbon dioxide emissions
from 1990 to 2004, 55 percent is attributable to the electric power sector.
Nonfuel Use of Energy Inputs
Nonfuel uses of energy fuels, principally petroleum products, both emit
and sequester carbon dioxide over their life cycles. In 2004, nonfuel uses
of fossil fuels resulted in emissions of 114.3 MMT carbon dioxide, an increase
of 9.1 MMT (8.6 percent) over the 2003 level of 105.2 MMT (Table 12). Carbon
dioxide emissions from nonfuel uses, which represent about 2 percent of
total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, have grown by an average of 1.1 percent
annually from their 1990 level of 98.1 MMT. Emissions from nonfuel uses
of petroleum products in 2004 were 89.0 MMT in the industrial sector and
5.6 MMT in the transportation sector. Within the industrial petroleum products
category, the leading carbon dioxide emission sources were petrochemical
feedstocks at 41.4 MMT and LPG at 19.3 MMT. Nonfuel uses of natural gas
resulted in emissions of 19.2 MMT carbon dioxide in 2004.
In 2004, carbon sequestration through nonfuel uses of fossil fuels totaled
316.6 MMTCO2e (Table 13). The vast majority was sequestered in petroleum-based
products, including 287.7 MMTCO2e in the industrial sector and 5.6 MMTCO2e
in the transportation sector sequestered through the use of petroleum-based
lubricants. Smaller amounts of carbon were sequestered in natural-gas-based
products (21.8 MMTCO2e) and coal-based products (1.5 MMTCO2e). The main
products that sequester carbon include asphalt and road oil (98.6 MMTCO2e),
LPG (77.7 MMTCO2e), and feedstocks for plastics and other petrochemicals
(69.2 MMTCO2e). The amount sequestered in 2004 was 7.7 percent more than
in 2003, when 294.0 MMTCO2e was sequestered. Since 1990, the annual sequestration
of carbon in this manner has increased by 65.4 MMTCO2e or 26 percent. This
translates to an average annual growth rate of 1.7 percent.
Adjustments to Energy Consumption
Total energy consumption and the carbon dioxide emissions upon which they
are based correspond to EIA’s coverage of energy consumption, which includes
the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), however, the United States is also
responsible for counting emissions emanating from its Territories, and
their emissions are added to the U.S. total. Conversely, because the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition of energy consumption excludes
international bunker fuels from the statistics of all countries, emissions
from international bunker fuels are subtracted from the U.S. total. Additionally,
military bunker fuels are subtracted because they are also excluded by
the IPCC from the national total. These sources and subtractions are enumerated
and described as “adjustments to energy.”
U.S. Territories
Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions for the U.S. Territories are added
as an adjustment in keeping with IPCC guidelines for national emissions
inventories. The Territories included are Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin
Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Pacific Islands, and Wake Island.
Most of these emissions are from petroleum products; however, Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands consume coal in addition to petroleum products.
For 2004, total energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from the U.S. Territories
are estimated at 61.7 MMT (Table 5).
International Bunker Fuels
In keeping with the IPCC guidelines for estimating national greenhouse
gas emissions, carbon dioxide emissions from international bunker fuels
are subtracted from the estimate of total U.S. energy-related emissions
of carbon dioxide. Purchases of distillate and residual fuels by foreign-bound
ships at U.S. seaports, as well as jet fuel purchases by international
air carriers at U.S. airports, form the basis of the estimate for bunker
fuels. Additionally, U.S. military operations for which fuel was originally
purchased in the United States but consumed in international waters or
airspace are subtracted from the total, because they are also considered
international bunker fuels under this definition.
For 2003, the carbon dioxide emissions estimate for military bunker fuels
was 9.2 MMT.59 In 2004, approximately 93.6 MMT carbon dioxide was emitted
in total from international bunker fuels, including 84.4 MMT attributed
to civilian consumption of bunker fuels. The total amount is subtracted
from the U.S. total in Table 5. Just over one-half of the carbon dioxide
emissions associated with international bunker fuels comes from the combustion
of jet fuels; residual and distillate fuels account for the other half,
with most coming from residual fuel.
Other Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Energy Production
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Other Sources, 1990-2004
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Estimated 2004 Emissions
(Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide) |
105.0 |
Change Compared to 2003
(Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide) |
2.8 |
| Change from 2003 (Percent) |
2.8% |
Change Compared to 1990
(Million Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide) |
16.7 |
| Change from 1990 (Percent) |
18.9% |
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In addition to emissions resulting from fossil energy consumed, oil and
gas production leads to emissions of carbon dioxide from sources other
than the combustion of those marketed fossil fuels. The two energy production
sources estimated for this report are:
- Flared natural gas (gas burned at the production site), which is flared
either because the cost of bringing the gas to market is prohibitive or
because the gas is of insufficient quality to sell
- Carbon dioxide scrubbed from natural gas to improve its heat content and
quality and subsequently vented to the atmosphere.
Because many States require flaring of natural gas, EIA assumes that all
gas reported under the category “Vented and Flared” is actually flared
and therefore should be counted as carbon dioxide emissions rather than
methane emissions. In 2004, about 5.9 MMT carbon dioxide was emitted in
this way (Table 5).
By computing the difference between the estimated carbon dioxide content
of raw gas and the carbon dioxide content of pipeline gas, the amount of
carbon dioxide that has been removed (scrubbed) in order to improve the
heat content and quality of natural gas can be calculated. This amount
was about 17.8 MMT in 2004 (Table 5).
Information on energy production sources that are excluded from this report
because of insufficient data are available in Energy Information Administration, Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2003.60
Industrial Process Emissions
Industrial emissions of carbon dioxide not caused by the combustion of
fossil fuels accounted for only 1.2 percent (73.5 MMT) of total U.S. carbon
dioxide emissions in 2004 (Table 14). Process-related emissions from industrial
sources depend largely on the level of activity in the construction industries
and on production at oil and gas wells. These sources include limestone
and dolomite calcination, soda ash manufacture and consumption, carbon
dioxide manufacture, cement manufacture, and aluminum production.
Estimated industrial process emissions of carbon dioxide in 2004 totaled
73.5 MMT, 13.4 MMT (22 percent) higher than in 1990 and 2.7 MMT (3.9 percent)
higher than in 2003 (Table 14). Of the total estimate for carbon dioxide
emissions from industrial processes in 2004, 61 percent is attributed to
cement manufacture. When calcium carbonate is heated (calcined) in a kiln,
it is converted to lime and carbon dioxide. The lime is combined with other
materials to produce clinker (an intermediate product from which cement
is made), and the carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere. In 2004,
the United States produced an estimated 95.0 million metric tons of cement,61 resulting in the direct release of 44.8 MMT into the atmosphere. This calculation
is independent of the carbon dioxide released by the combustion of energy
fuels consumed in making cement. The estimate for 2004 represents an increase
in carbon dioxide emissions of 11.5 MMT (34 percent) compared with 1990
and an increase of about 1.6 MMT (3.8 percent) compared with 2003.
Collectively, in 2004, industrial processes other than cement manufacture
emitted 28.7 MMT carbon dioxide. Limestone manufacture and consumption
emitted 19.1 MMT, soda ash manufacture 3.8 MMT, aluminum manufacture 3.7
MMT, carbon dioxide manufacture 1.5 MMT, and soda ash consumption 0.6 MMT.
Waste Combustion
Waste that is combusted contains, on average, a portion that is composed
of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers, and carbon black. The
carbon in these plastics has normally been accounted for as sequestered
carbon, as reported in Table 13; however, according to the IPCC, emissions from the
plastics contained in municipal solid waste must be counted in total national
emissions inventories. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates
that plastics and other non-biogenic materials in combusted waste produced
emissions of about 18.8 MMT carbon dioxide in 2003 (about 11 MMT from grid-connected
power generation).62 The EPA’s 2003 value is used in this report as an
estimate for 2004. The difference between the estimated total and EIA’s
estimate for the electric power sector is reported in Table 5. For 2004,
the difference is 7.8 MMT carbon dioxide.
Notes and Sources
Tables 5-14 |