Table C10.3.  Number of Establishments by Usage of Energy-Saving Technologies for Specific Industries, 1998;
Level: National Data;
Row: Industry-Specific Technologies within Selected NAICS Codes;
Column: Usage;
Unit: Establishment Counts.
					RSE
NAICS					Row
Code(a)	Industry-Specific Technology	In Use(b)	Not in Use	Don't Know	Factors
		Total United States
	RSE Column Factors:	1.3	0.5	1.5
311	FOOD
	Infrared Heating	762	13,727	2,064	1.8
	Microwave Drying	270	14,143	2,140	2.5
	Closed-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Recover Heat	674	13,450	2,429	2.8
	Open-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Produce Steam	199	13,809	2,544	2.8
	Gas-Driven Rotary Engines and/or Turbines	283	13,969	2,299	3.9
	Membrane Separation	406	13,943	2,204	1.8
	Irradiation	32	14,256	2,265	3.6
	Freeze Concentration	544	13,538	2,471	3.0
	Membrane Hyperfiltration to Separate Water from Food Products	255	13,949	2,345	2.3
311221	Wet Corn Milling
	Infrared Heating	3	43	3	1.0
	Microwave Drying	0	W	W	1.1
	Closed-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Recover Heat	5	42	3	1.0
	Open-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Produce Steam	W	42	W	1.0
	Gas-Driven Rotary Engines and/or Turbines	3	W	W	1.0
	Membrane Separation	13	27	10	1.0
	Irradiation	0	44	6	1.1
	Freeze Concentration	0	45	5	1.1
	Membrane Hyperfiltration to Separate Water from Food Products	5	34	11	1.0
312	BEVERAGE AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS
	Infrared Heating	14	1,317	145	19.0
	Microwave Drying	W	1,334	W	19.6
	Closed-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Recover Heat	269	1,059	149	28.5
	Open-Cycle Heat Pump System Used to Produce Steam	50	1,283	142	20.5
	Gas-Driven Rotary Engines and/or Turbines	87	1,211	177	20.5
	Membrane Separation	89	1,246	141	25.1
	Irradiation	8	1,322	146	23.2
	Freeze Concentration	80	1,255	141	22.2
	Membrane Hyperfiltration to Separate Water from Food Products	9	1,326	141	19.2
313	TEXTILE MILLS
	Open-End Spinning	387	2,299	249	13.1
	Water-Jet Weaving	26	2,647	260	17.7
	Projectile Weaving	245	2,424	267	14.7
	Wet-on-Wet Dyeing and Finishing	534	2,132	269	13.9
	Indirect Steam Heating of Dye	451	2,265	219	8.8
	Dye Bath Reuse	265	2,433	238	17.3
	Foam Dyeing	82	2,613	240	17.2
	Foam Printing	59	2,637	240	17.3
	Foam Finishing	98	2,519	318	15.2
	Low-Add-On Finishing	230	2,402	303	12.9
	Electric Infrared (EIR)Yarn Drying Prior to Weaving Process	47	2,639	249	17.3
313210	Broadwoven Fabric Mills
	Open-End Spinning	117	343	13	12.2
	Water-Jet Weaving	20	441	11	13.3
	Projectile Weaving	170	295	8	19.8
	Wet-on-Wet Dyeing and Finishing	85	371	17	13.6
	Indirect Steam Heating of Dye	75	392	5	12.8
	Dye Bath Reuse	55	409	9	15.6
	Foam Dyeing	W	453	W	10.3
	Foam Printing	0	456	17	10.9
	Foam Finishing	25	438	10	14.3
	Low-Add-On Finishing	48	392	33	13.9
	Electric Infrared (EIR)Yarn Drying Prior to Weaving Process	27	425	20	15.7
314	TEXTILE PRODUCT MILLS
	Open-End Spinning	85	2,921	1,210	15.6
	Water-Jet Weaving	0	3,012	1,204	15.6
	Projectile Weaving	11	3,001	1,204	18.0
	Wet-on-Wet Dyeing and Finishing	63	2,973	1,180	18.3
	Indirect Steam Heating of Dye	58	2,973	1,185	18.5
	Dye Bath Reuse	45	2,956	1,215	18.9
	Foam Dyeing	12	3,028	1,176	21.2
	Foam Printing	W	3,037	W	15.9
	Foam Finishing	15	3,025	1,176	16.6
	Low-Add-On Finishing	6	2,945	1,265	13.6
	Electric Infrared (EIR)Yarn Drying Prior to Weaving Process	0	2,977	1,239	15.6
322	PAPER
	Continuous Digesters	144	3,939	593	7.7
	Displacement Bleaching Process	49	4,044	583	7.0
	Top-Wire (Hybrid) Paper Forming	122	3,966	587	5.9
	Extended Nip Press	89	3,940	646	6.8
	Higher Nip Pressures	148	3,781	747	7.0
	Extended Delignification	50	3,995	632	7.7
	Rapid Displacement Batch Heating Processes	17	4,025	634	6.2
	Multi-Effect Falling-Film Evaporators for Black Liquor Evaporation/Concentration	128	3,972	576	6.8
	Vapor Recompression Evaporation of Black Liquor	35	4,009	632	8.6
	Waste-Heat Recovery Technologies in Lime Kilns	54	3,989	633	7.7
	High Solids Firing (Black Liquor)	98	3,950	628	7.0
	Gas Infrared Radiant Drying Systems	197	3,777	701	8.2
322110	Pulp Mills
	Continuous Digesters	13	22	0	1.2
	Displacement Bleaching Process	10	W	W	1.0
	Top-Wire (Hybrid) Paper Forming	W	W	W	1.0
	Extended Nip Press	W	30	W	1.0
	Higher Nip Pressures	4	W	W	1.0
	Extended Delignification	6	25	4	1.0
	Rapid Displacement Batch Heating Processes	0	W	W	1.1
	Multi-Effect Falling-Film Evaporators for Black Liquor Evaporation/Concentration	16	19	0	1.2
	Vapor Recompression Evaporation of Black Liquor	W	W	0	1.2
	Waste-Heat Recovery Technologies in Lime Kilns	4	W	W	1.0
	High Solids Firing (Black Liquor)	12	W	W	1.0
	Gas Infrared Radiant Drying Systems	W	W	W	1.0
322121	Paper Mills, except Newsprint
	Continuous Digesters	51	202	4	9.6
	Displacement Bleaching Process	25	219	13	8.3
	Top-Wire (Hybrid) Paper Forming	58	193	6	7.7
	Extended Nip Press	24	211	23	5.8
	Higher Nip Pressures	53	170	34	10.5
	Extended Delignification	29	215	13	8.4
	Rapid Displacement Batch Heating Processes	5	232	20	4.3
	Multi-Effect Falling-Film Evaporators for Black Liquor Evaporation/Concentration	61	190	6	9.7
	Vapor Recompression Evaporation of Black Liquor	22	217	18	13.7
	Waste-Heat Recovery Technologies in Lime Kilns	28	214	15	13.4
	High Solids Firing (Black Liquor)	48	192	17	12.5
	Gas Infrared Radiant Drying Systems	76	168	13	15.5
322122	Newsprint Mills
	Continuous Digesters	W	W	0	1.2
	Displacement Bleaching Process	5	W	W	1.0
	Top-Wire (Hybrid) Paper Forming	25	4	0	1.2
	Extended Nip Press	6	W	W	1.0
	Higher Nip Pressures	15	7	7	1.0
	Extended Delignification	3	22	4	1.0
	Rapid Displacement Batch Heating Processes	W	23	W	1.0
	Multi-Effect Falling-Film Evaporators for Black Liquor Evaporation/Concentration	3	26	0	1.2
	Vapor Recompression Evaporation of Black Liquor	0	29	0	2.0
	Waste-Heat Recovery Technologies in Lime Kilns	W	W	0	1.2
	High Solids Firing (Black Liquor)	3	26	0	1.2
	Gas Infrared Radiant Drying Systems	3	26	0	1.2
322130	Paperboard Mills
	Continuous Digesters	59	152	5	15.7
	Displacement Bleaching Process	9	204	3	8.7
	Top-Wire (Hybrid) Paper Forming	35	167	15	12.5
	Extended Nip Press	51	148	17	13.3
	Higher Nip Pressures	63	132	21	13.6
	Extended Delignification	12	184	20	10.3
	Rapid Displacement Batch Heating Processes	7	193	15	9.2
	Multi-Effect Falling-Film Evaporators for Black Liquor Evaporation/Concentration	42	171	3	6.7
	Vapor Recompression Evaporation of Black Liquor	W	W	7	5.1
	Waste-Heat Recovery Technologies in Lime Kilns	16	196	4	5.8
	High Solids Firing (Black Liquor)	30	183	3	5.8
	Gas Infrared Radiant Drying Systems	50	159	8	24.0
325	CHEMICALS
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	15	7,340	1,608	11.3
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	2,251	5,166	1,545	8.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	77	7,298	1,587	9.8
	Bioprocessing (f)	211	7,185	1,567	7.8
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	119	7,471	1,372	7.5
	Separations Processing (h)	716	6,831	1,415	7.0
325110	Petrochemicals
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	W	W	W	1.0
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	17	27	0	1.2
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	0	44	0	2.0
	Bioprocessing (f)	4	40	0	1.2
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	W	W	0	1.2
	Separations Processing (h)	19	W	W	1.0
325120	Industrial Gases
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	458	125	10.7
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	55	406	123	14.7
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	4	521	59	9.8
	Bioprocessing (f)	4	521	59	10.1
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	0	559	24	9.5
	Separations Processing (h)	172	381	30	17.5
325181	Alkalies and Chlorine
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	26	6	1.1
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	17	W	W	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	0	29	3	1.1
	Bioprocessing (f)	W	28	W	1.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	0	W	W	1.1
	Separations Processing (h)	3	29	0	1.2
325188	Other Basic Inorganic Chemicals
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	465	49	10.4
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	149	318	47	22.4
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	W	442	W	13.9
	Bioprocessing (f)	18	442	54	13.4
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	6	451	57	18.1
	Separations Processing (h)	17	456	41	15.5
325192	Cyclic Crudes and Intermediates
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	48	6	1.1
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	33	18	3	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	W	47	W	1.0
	Bioprocessing (f)	4	45	5	1.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	5	46	3	1.0
	Separations Processing (h)	21	29	3	1.0
325199	Other Basic Organic Chemicals
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	536	49	9.4
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	294	248	43	14.7
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	27	515	43	11.5
	Bioprocessing (f)	63	469	53	15.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	33	522	30	8.3
	Separations Processing (h)	194	357	34	13.6
325211	Plastics Materials and Resins
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	4	468	95	11.5
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	296	207	65	20.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	0	496	71	14.5
	Bioprocessing (f)	20	476	71	13.8
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	32	455	80	13.9
	Separations Processing (h)	73	427	67	16.4
325212	Synthetic Rubber
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	75	4	1.1
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	33	42	4	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	4	69	6	1.0
	Bioprocessing (f)	5	69	5	1.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	W	73	W	1.0
	Separations Processing (h)	17	55	7	1.0
325222	Noncellulosic Organic Fibers
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	W	W	14	1.0
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	32	41	14	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	W	69	W	1.0
	Bioprocessing (f)	4	66	17	1.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	5	68	14	1.0
	Separations Processing (h)	8	63	16	1.0
325311	Nitrogenous Fertilizers
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	78	14	1.1
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	35	46	11	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	0	75	17	1.1
	Bioprocessing (f)	7	68	17	1.0
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	10	67	16	1.0
	Separations Processing (h)	7	71	14	1.0
325312	Phosphatic Fertilizers
	Replacing Electrically Heated Platens in Thermoset Molding Process (c)	0	W	W	1.1
	Recycling Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (d)	17	W	W	1.0
	Using Biomass Materials as Alternative Feedstocks (e)	0	W	W	1.1
	Bioprocessing (f)	0	W	W	1.1
	Innovative Catalytic Processing (g)	W	W	W	1.0
	Separations Processing (h)	0	W	W	1.1
327	NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS
	Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air	310	8,974	2,049	10.3
	Forehearth Designed for Minimal Energy Use (i)	184	9,122	2,026	8.5
	Forehearth Designed for Improved Temperature Stability (j)	153	9,258	1,922	8.1
	Batch Preheaters	300	8,716	2,317	11.1
	Advanced Glass Refiner	67	9,167	2,099	10.4
	Oxy-Fuel Firing	164	8,915	2,255	8.7
	High-Efficiency Classifiers in Closed-Circuit Grinding Plants	179	9,077	2,076	10.6
	Improved Grinding Media/Linings, Wear-Resistant Materials (k), Classifying Liners	588	8,846	1,899	9.3
	Waste Heat Drying	450	8,942	1,941	8.8
	Dry-Suspension Preheater Kilns	273	8,975	2,085	11.0
	Dry-Precalciner Kilns	280	8,860	2,193	10.5
	Kiln Combustion System Improvements (l)	390	8,748	2,195	9.5
	Controlled Particle Size Cement	222	8,684	2,427	10.6
3272	Glass and Glass Products
	Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air	185	736	105	28.3
	Forehearth Designed for Minimal Energy Use (i)	121	730	175	25.0
	Forehearth Designed for Improved Temperature Stability (j)	90	816	119	15.3
	Batch Preheaters	52	798	176	27.7
	Advanced Glass Refiner	63	792	172	24.6
	Oxy-Fuel Firing	92	759	175	25.6
	High-Efficiency Classifiers in Closed-Circuit Grinding Plants	W	764	W	25.8
	Improved Grinding Media/Linings, Wear-Resistant Materials (k), Classifying Liners	W	764	W	25.8
	Waste Heat Drying	W	757	W	19.1
	Dry-Suspension Preheater Kilns	119	639	268	28.0
	Dry-Precalciner Kilns	W	596	W	25.9
	Kiln Combustion System Improvements (l)	80	607	339	26.3
	Controlled Particle Size Cement	W	757	W	19.1
327310	Cements
	Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air	8	135	51	40.9
	Forehearth Designed for Minimal Energy Use (i)	W	136	W	61.2
	Forehearth Designed for Improved Temperature Stability (j)	W	136	W	61.2
	Batch Preheaters	8	135	51	40.9
	Advanced Glass Refiner	0	143	51	59.2
	Oxy-Fuel Firing	12	130	52	45.5
	High-Efficiency Classifiers in Closed-Circuit Grinding Plants	40	102	52	43.6
	Improved Grinding Media/Linings, Wear-Resistant Materials (k), Classifying Liners	76	68	50	21.9
	Waste Heat Drying	36	104	53	42.3
	Dry-Suspension Preheater Kilns	31	113	50	40.7
	Dry-Precalciner Kilns	22	123	49	38.3
	Kiln Combustion System Improvements (l)	48	96	50	43.1
	Controlled Particle Size Cement	50	89	55	45.8
331111	PRIMARY METALS - Iron and Steel Mills
	Dry Quenching During the Coking Process	4	252	16	16.7
	External Desulfurization of the Charge for Ironmaking	10	245	17	14.9
	Hydrocarbon Injection to Maintain Blast Furnace Temperatures	28	226	18	17.0
	Direct Reduction Ironmaking - Sponge Iron Produced Directly from Iron Ore	5	252	15	16.9
	Continuous Casting	117	145	10	27.6
	Thin Slab/Strip Casting	11	248	13	14.3
	Waste Heat Boilers/Heat Exchangers in Combination with Reheat Furnaces	60	195	18	22.2
	Evaporative Cooling of Skid Rails	16	235	22	16.1
	Electric Induction Reheat Furnaces	33	226	13	20.1
	Hot Charging - Moving Steel Directly from the Caster to Reheat Furnace	66	196	10	21.9
	Direct Rolling Required No Reheating	3	255	13	14.5
	Plasmasmelt Smelting of Partially Reduced Iron Powder with Pulverized Coal	0	254	18	11.9
	Cold Bonding (COBO) Pelletizing Technique	0	257	15	9.3
	Preheating Combustion Air	92	164	16	25.2
	Preheating Raw Materials	32	227	13	18.8
	Top Gas Pressure Recovery from Blast Furnace	21	237	13	15.5
	Slab Heat Recovery	10	246	15	13.7
	Continuous Annealing	44	217	11	20.7
	Continuous Cold Rolling	26	235	11	17.2
	Bottom Tap Vessels	74	184	14	23.7
	Injection Steelmaking	20	229	23	17.9
	Electroslag or Vacuum Arc Remelting	26	228	18	19.6
	Oxygen or Coal Injection to Blast Furnace	49	212	11	20.4
	Steel Ladle Metallurgy with Reheat Furnace	104	157	11	27.4
	Oxy-Fuel Firing	83	169	21	25.6
(a) The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) has replaced
the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.
(b) This count includes only those establishments that reported this
industry-specific technology in use anytime in 1998.
(c) One possible replacement in the thermoset molding process is done with
a gas-fired central thermal fluid system.
(d) 'Recycling Materials' includes processing residuals as alternative feedstocks.
(e) Examples of 'Biomass Materials' are lignocellulosics, food crops, and food wastes.
Uses of 'Biomass Materials' include gasification, fast pyrolysis, hydrolysis, and
fractionation.
(f) 'Bioprocessing' includes the use of petroleum, natural gas, coal, other fossil-based
feedstocks, and genetically engineered organisms in processes, such as direct microbial,
immobilized enzyme, and fermentation.
(g) 'Innovative Catalysts' are those with structural or electronic features that allow
selective chemical reactions.
(h) 'Separations Processing' includes improvements from distillation processing and
enhancements from hydrocarbon cracking.
(i) This type of forehearth is designed for independently applied heating and cooling
operations and minimal energy use.
(j) This type of forehearth is designed to eliminate side-to-middle temperature gradients
with improved temperature stability.
(k) Examples are high-chrome alloys.
(l) Examples are semi-direct/indirect coal firing, optimal oxygen levels, and
advanced burners matched to the kiln/cooler design flame control.
NF=No applicable RSE row/column factor.
* Estimate less than 0.5.
W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual establishments.
Q=Withheld because Relative Standard Error is greater than 50 percent.
NA=Not available.
Notes:  To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell's
corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors.   Totals may not equal sum of
components because of independent rounding.
Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets
and End Use, Energy Consumption Division, Form EIA-846, '1998 Manufacturing
Energy Consumption Survey.'