| |
Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption by Fuel | Fuel Consumption by End Use |
Energy Consumption by Sector |
Energy Expenditures | Onsite Generation |
Energy Intensity
Energy consumption in refineries is dominated by a few processes that, while not the most energy-intensive, have the greatest throughput. Atmospheric and vacuum distillation, for example, account for 35-40% of total process energy consumption. The reason is that every barrel of crude oil entering the refinery must be subjected to an initial separation by distillation. [DOE 1998]
| 1997 Estimated Energy Consumption by Refining Processa |
| Process |
Average Useb
(103 Btu/bbl) |
Capacity
(106 bbl/cday)c |
Annual Energy Consumption
(1012 Btu/year) |
| Atmospheric Distillationd |
113.8 |
15.45 |
641.6 |
| Vacuum Distillation |
91.5 |
7.15 |
238.8 |
Visbreakinge
- Coil
- Soaker |
136
63 |
0.0215
0.0436 |
1.07
1.00 |
| Delayed Coking |
166 |
1.671 |
114.6 |
| Fluid Coking (net) |
258 |
0.075 |
7.1 |
| Flexicoking (net) |
167 |
0.112 |
6.7 |
| Fluid Catalytic Cracking |
100 |
5.2 |
190.6 |
| Catalytic Hydrocracking |
240 |
1.3 |
109.7 |
| Catalytic Hydrotreating |
120 |
10.7 |
468.3 |
| Catalytic Reforming |
284 |
3.6 |
376.3 |
Alkylation
- Sulfuric Acid
- Hydrofluoric Acid |
335
401 |
0.44
0.66 |
53.3
95.5 |
| Ethers Production |
403 |
0.18 |
33.4 |
Isomerization
- Isoburane
- Isopentane/Isohexane
- Isobutylene |
359
175
476 |
0.098
0.42
n/a |
13.0
27
n/a |
| Lube Oil Manufacture |
1506 |
0.20 |
109.5 |
| TOTALf |
-- |
-- |
2487.5 |
Source: DOE 1998
a Gross energy sue, which includes losses incurred during the generation and transmission of electricity (electricity conversion factor of 10,500 Btu/kWh). Does not include hydrogen or oxygen consumption.
b Average energy use based on estimated utility requirements for a range of technologies.
c bbls/cday = barrels per calendar day (365 days per year).
d Includes energy consumed for desalting of crude.
e Assumes 33% of capacity is coil type and 67% is soaker type visbreakers.
f Does not include hydrogen production processes, sulfur recovery and management processes, operation of cooling towers, and other supporting processes.
n/a indicates data is not available.
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