The industry shipped more than 14.2 million tons of castings in 1997. Iron castings (including gray, ductile, and malleable) made up 72% of that total by weight. Aluminum represented another 13%, with steel, copper alloys, and other nonferrous making up 9%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. About 35% of castings were used in automotive and truck applications, with another 15% used for pipes and fittings. Other major markets included construction, mining, and oil field equipment (6%); internal combustion engines (5%); railroads (5%); and valves (5%). [AFS 2000]