International Energy Annual 2005

The International Energy Annual presents information and trends on world energy production and consumption for petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electricity. Production and consumption data are reported in standard United States physical units as well as British thermal units (Btu). Reserve estimates are shown for petroleum, natural gas, and coal and trade data are provided for these three fuels and for electricity. Data are provided on crude oil refining capacity and electricity installed capacity by type. Also available are estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels. Prices are included for selected crude oils. Population data are also provided. (Note: In the discussion that follows, the data for total production of primary energy in 1995 and 2005 include production in the United States of 2.6 and 2.5 quadrillion Btu, respectively, of renewable energy not used for electricity generation (Table F.9). This renewable energy production includes biomass (biofuels, wood, and waste), geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity generation. Likewise, the data for total consumption of primary energy in 1995 and 2005 include consumption in the United States of 2.4 and 2.5 quadrillion Btu, respectively, of renewable energy not used for electricity generation and adjustment to remove the consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels. (Table E.8). World Primary Energy Production Trends Between 1995 and 2005, the world's total output of primary energy -- petroleum, natural gas, coal, and electric power (hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste)--increased at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent (Table 2.9). World production increased from 364 quadrillion Btu in 1995 to 460 quadrillion Btu in 2005. In 2005, petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) continued to be the world's most important primary energy source, accounting for 36.8 percent, or 169 quadrillion Btu, of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Between 1995 and 2005, petroleum production increased by 13.4 million barrels per day, or 19.7 percent, rising from 68.0 to 81.4 million barrels per day (Tables 2.2 and 2.3). The Middle East had the largest production gain, followed by Eurasia, and Africa. Their combined gains over the period from 1995 to 2005 were 12.6 million barrels per day. Coal ranked second as a primary energy source in 2005, accounting for 26.6 percent of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). World coal production totaled 6.5 billion short tons, or 122 quadrillion Btu, in 2005, and it increased by 27.1 percent from the 1995 level of 5.1 billion short tons (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Dry natural gas ranked third as a primary energy source, accounting for 22.9 percent of world primary energy production in 2005 (Table 2.9). Production of dry natural gas was 101.5 trillion cubic feet, or 105 quadrillion Btu, in 2005 (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Production increased by 23.6 trillion cubic feet from 78.0 trillion cubic feet in 1995, a gain of 30.2 percent. Hydro, nuclear, and other (geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste) electric power generation ranked fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively, as primary energy sources in 2005, accounting for 6.3, 6.0, and 0.9 percent, respectively, of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Together they accounted for a combined total of 5.9 trillion kilowatthours, or 61 quadrillion Btu, in 2005 (Tables 2.1 and 2.9). Nuclear electric power generation increased significantly between 1995 and 2005, rising from 2.2 trillion kilowatthours to 2.6 trillion kilowatthours, an 18.8-percent increase. Hydroelectric power contributed 2.9 trillion kilowatthours in 2005, up 18.0 percent from 2.5 trillion kilowatthours in 1995. Geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation also increased significantly over the same period, rising from 172 billion kilowatthours to 370 billion kilowatthours, a 114.6-percent increase. In 2005, United States production of 2.5 quadrillion Btu of renewable energy not used for electricity generation ranked seventh as a primary energy source, accounting for 0.5 percent of world primary energy production (Table 2.9). Major Energy Producers and Consumers In 2005, three countries--the United States, China, and Russia--were the leading producers and consumers of world energy (Tables F.1 and E.1). These three countries produced 40 percent and consumed 43 percent of the world's total energy. The United States, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Canada were the world's five largest producers of energy in 2005, supplying 50.0 percent of the world's total energy (Table F.1). The next five leading producers of primary energy were Iran, India, Australia, Norway, and Mexico, and together they supplied an additional 12.4 percent of the world's total energy. The United States supplied 69.6 quadrillion Btu of primary energy, just 10 perecnt more than the 63.2 quadrillion Btu produced by China, while Russia produced 52.7 quadrillion Btu . The United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were the world's five largest consumers of primary energy in 2005, accounting for 51.2 percent of world energy consumption (Table E.1). They were followed by Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and Brazil, which together accounted for an additional 12.9 percent of world energy consumption. The United States consumed 100.7 quadrillion Btu, one and one-half times as much as the 67.1 quadrillion Btu consumed by China, while Russia consumed 30.3 quadrillion Btu. Regional Energy Production and Consumption Comparisons of energy production and consumption by region help to highlight key energy trends since 1995. In North America, the overall production of energy rose by only 2.8 quadrillion Btu between 1995 and 2005 (Table F.1). The supply of natural gas increased by 1.1 quadrillion Btu, while nuclear electric power generation increased by 1.0 quadrillion Btu, and coal by 0.9 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.4, F.7, and F.5). Energy consumption in North America increased by 13.1 quadrillion Btu between 1995 and 2005, the second largest increase for any region (Table E.1). The largest North American increases occurred in the consumption of petroleum, 7.4 quadrillion Btu, coal, 3.2 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.4 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power, 1.0 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.2, E.4, E.3, and E.6). Overall production of energy in the Central & South America region increased by 7.3 quadrillion Btu between 1995 and 2005, led by increases in natural gas production, 2.4 quadrillion Btu, crude oil production, 1.9 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power generation, 1.4 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 1.1 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.1, F.4, F.2, F.6, and F.5). Energy consumption in the Central & South America region increased by 5.8 quadrillion Btu over the same period (Table E.1). The largest increases occurred in the consumption of petroleum, 2.1 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.9 quadrillion Btu, and hydroelectric power, 1.4 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.2, E.3, and E.5). In 2005, total energy production in Europe was basically unchanged from the level in 1995 (Table F.1). Gains between 1995 and 2005 were greatest for natural gas, 1.8 quadrillion Btu, geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power, 1.24 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power generation, 1.16 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.4, F.8, and F.7). These increases were almost offset by a 2.2-quadrillion-Btu drop in coal production and a 1.8-quadrillion-Btu drop in crude oil production (Tables F.5 and F.2). European energy consumption increased by 9.6 quadrillion Btu between 1995 and 2005 (Table E.1). The increase was led by natural gas, 5.6 quadrillion Btu, and petroleum, 2.0 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3 and E.2). Between 1995 and 2005, energy production in Eurasia increased by 16.3 quadrillion Btu (Table F.1).The largest increases in energy production were in crude oil, 9.2 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 4.4 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 1.6 quadrillion Btu, (Tables F.2, F.4, and F.5). Consumption in this region increased by 3.2 quadrillion Btu (Table E.1). Increases in natural gas, 4.0 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power, 0.6 quadrillion Btu, (Tables E.3 and E.6) more than offset decreases in petroleum, 1.3 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 0.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.2 and E.4). Since 1995, energy production in the Middle East increased by 16.9 quadrillion Btu, the second largest increase for any region (Table F.1). The increase was concentrated in crude oil, 8.8 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 6.5 quadrillion Btu, and natural gas plant liquids, 1.5 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.2, F.4 and F.3 ). The increase in energy consumption in the Middle East between 1995 and 2005 was a smaller but still significant 9.0 quadrillion Btu (Table E.1). The largest consumption increases were in natural gas, 5.3 quadrillion Btu, and petroleum, 3.5 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3 and E.2). Energy production in Africa increased by 10.6 quadrillion Btu between 1995 and 2005, led by increases in the production of crude oil, 5.5 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 3.2 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 1.1 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.1, F.2, F.4, and F.5). Energy consumption in Africa grew more slowly over the same period, rising by only 3.8 quadrillion Btu, led by petroleum, 1.32 quadrillion Btu, natural gas, 1.29 quadrillion Btu, and coal, 0.9 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.1, E.2, E.3, and E.4). The largest regional increase in primary energy production between 1995 and 2005 occurred in the Asia & Oceania region, where production increased by 42.3 quadrillion Btu (Table F.1). Coal production accounted for 31.2 quadrillion Btu or 74 percent of the increase, natural gas production for 5.6 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power generation for 2.4 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power generation for 1.3 quadrillion Btu (Tables F.5, F.4, F.6, and F.7). Consumption in this region increased by 53.2 quadrillion Btu over the same period, also the largest increase for any region (Table E.1). Coal accounted for 56 percent, or 30.0 quadrillion Btu, of this increase, while petroleum accounted for another 23 percent, or 12.0 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.4 and E.2). At the same time, the consumption of natural gas rose by 7.1 quadrillion Btu, hydroelectric power by 2.4 quadrillion Btu, and nuclear electric power by 1.3 quadrillion Btu (Tables E.3, E.5, and E.6). Petroleum Global production of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) increased by 13.4 million barrels per day between 1995 and 2005, an average annual rate of growth of 1.8 percent (Tables 2.2 and 2.3). Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States were the three largest producers of petroleum in 2005. Together, they produced 33.6 percent of the world's petroleum. Production from Iran and Mexico accounted for an additional 9.8 percent. In 2005, the United States consumed 20.8 million barrels per day of petroleum--25 percent of world consumption (Table 1.2). China and Japan ranked a distant second and third in consumption, with 6.7 and 5.4 million barrels per day, respectivley, followed by Russia and Germany. Natural Gas World production of dry natural gas increased by 23.6 trillion cubic feet, or at an average annual rate of 2.7 percent, over the period from 1995 to 2005 (Table 2.4). Russia was the leading producer in 2005 at 22.6 trillion cubic feet, followed by the United States at 18.1 trillion cubic feet. Together these two countries produced 40 percent of the world total. Canada ranked a distant third in production at 6.6 trillion cubic feet, followed by Iran and Algeria, with 3.6 and 3.1 trillion cubic feet, respectively. These three countries accounted for 13 percent of the world total. In 2005, the United States, which was the leading consumer of dry natural gas at 22.2 trillion cubic feet, and Russia, which ranked second at 16.2 trillion cubic feet, together accounted for 37 percent of world consumption (Table 1.3). Iran ranked a distant third in consumption, with 3.62 trillion cubic feet, followed by the Germany and Canada, at 3.57 and 3.42 trillion cubic feet, respectively. Coal Coal production increased by 1.4 billion short tons between 1995 and 2005, or at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent (Table 2.5). China was the leading producer in 2005 at 2.4 billion short tons--equivalent to 48.9 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.5 and F.5). The United States was the second leading producer in 2005 with 1.1 billion short tons--equivalent to 23.2 quadrillion Btu. India ranked a distant third at 473 million short tons--equivalent to 7.8 quadrillion Btu, followed by Australia, at 414 million short tons--equivalent to 8.5 quadrillion Btu, and Russia at 321 million short tons--equivalent to 6.1 quadrillion Btu. Together, these five countries accounted for 73 percent of world coal production in 2005 (Table 2.5). China was also the largest consumer of coal in 2005, using 2.3 billion short tons, followed by the United States, which consumed 1.1 billion short tons, India, Germany, and Russia (Table 1.4). These five countries together accounted for 69 percent of world coal consumption. Hydroelectric Power The generation of hydroelectric power increased by 443 billion kilowatthours between 1995 and 2005, or at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent (Table 2.6). China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia, were the five largest producers of hydroelectric power in 2005. Their combined hydroelectric power generation accounted for 39 percent of the world total. China led the world with 397 billion kilowatthours or 4.0 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.6 and F.6). Canada ranked second with 360 billion kilowatthours or 3.6 quadrillion Btu and Brazil was third with 334 billion kilowatthours or 3.3 quadrillion Btu. The United States was fourth with 270 billion kilowatthours or 2.7 quadrillion Btu, followed by Russia with 173 billion kilowatthours or 1.7 quadrillion Btu. Nuclear Electric Power The generation of nuclear electric power increased by 416 billion kilowatthours between 1995 and 2005, or at an average annual rate of 1.7 percent (Table 2.7). The United States led the world in nuclear electric power generation in 2005 with 782 billion kilowatthours or 8.2 quadrillion Btu (Tables 2.7 and F.7). France was second with 429 billion kilowatthours or 4.4 quadrillion Btu and Japan ranked third with 278 billion kilowatthours or 2.8 quadrillion Btu. In 2005, these three countries generated 57 percent of the world's nuclear electric power (Table 2.7). Geothermal, Solar, Wind, and Wood and Waste Electric Power The generation of geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power increased by 197 billion kilowatthours between 1995 and 2005, or at an average annual rate of 7.9 percent (Table 2.8). The United States led the world in geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation in 2005 with 100 billion kilowatthours. Germany was second with 43 billion kilowatthours, followed by Japan with 23.3 billion kilowatthours, Spain with 23.2 billion kilowatthours, and Brazil with 18.3 billion kilowatthours. These five countries accounted for 51 percent of the world geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste electric power generation in 2005. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels Total world carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal, and the flaring of natural gas increased from 22.0 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 1995 to 28.2 billion metric tons in 2005, or by 28.2 percent (Table H.1co2). The average annual growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions over the period was 2.5 percent (Note: Carbon dioxide emissions are measured here in metric tons of carbon dioxide. Tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44. ) The United States, China, Russia, Japan, and India were the world's five largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2005, producing 55 percent of the world total. The next five leading producers of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels were Germany, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Italy, and together they produced an additional 11 percent of the world total. In 2005, total United States carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels were 6.0 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, 12 percent more than the 5.3 bllion metric tons produced by China, while Russia produced 1.7 billion metric tons. In 2005, the consumption of coal was the world's largest source of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels, accounting for 40.3 percent of the total (Tables H.4co2 and H.1co2). World carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of coal totaled 11.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2005, up 38.6 percent from the 1995 level of 8.2 billion metric tons. China and the United States were the two largest producers of carbon dioxide from the consumption of coal in 2005 accounting for 38 and 19 percent, respectively, of the world total. India, Russia, and Japan together accounted for an additional 15 percent. Petroleum ranked a close second as a source of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2005, accounting for 39.0 percent of the total (Tables H.2co2 and H.1co2). Between 1995 and 2005 emissions from the consumption of petroleum increased by 1.7 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, or 18.0 percent, rising from 9.3 to 11.0 billion metric tons. The United States was the largest producer of carbon dioxide from the consumption of petroleum in 2005 and accounted for 24 percent of the world total. China was the second largest producer, followed by Japan, Russia, and Germany, and together these four countries accounted for an additional 20 percent. Carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of natural gas accounted for the remaining 20.7 percent of carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels in 2005 (Tables H.3co2 and H.1co2). Emissions from the consumption and flaring of natural gas increased from 4.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 1995 to 5.8 billion metric tons in 2005, or by 30.4 percent. The United States and Russia were the two largest producers of carbon dioxide from the consumption and flaring of natural gas in 2005 accounting for 21 and 15 percent, respectively, of the world total. Iran, the United Kingdom, and Canada together accounted for an additional 10 percent.