Appendix B: Sources
*The ratios are often incorrectly equated with efficiency. The relationship between energy consumption and economic output is complex. A comparison of unadjusted ratios fails to take account of the many factors that may cause one nation to use more energy per unit of output than another that have nothing to do with efficiency. These factors include, but are not limited to, weather, the manufacturing mix, and natural resource endowments. For more information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/contents.html.
**South Korea has in fact joined the “real” OECD. As noted earlier, South Korea is not included in the OECD-group in this report because of historical considerations.
1Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2003, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/electricity.html; Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/demand.html#comm; International Energy Agency (IEA), Oil Crises and Climate Challenges: 30 Years of Energy Use in IEA Countries (Paris: OECD, 2004), 16-17. See footnote 14 for information on the share of total electricity consumption accounted for by computers and office equipment.
2The OECD’s methodology for calculating their PPP estimates is explained on its website at: http://www.oecd.org/faq/0,2583,en_2649_34357_1799281_1_1_1_1,00.html#1799075.
3 UNEP, “Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” http://unfccc.int/resource/ccsites/senegal/fact/fs025.htm.
4A good introduction to the literature on “post-industrialism” is Andrew Bell The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
5Zhong Xiang Zhang, “Why Had the Energy Intensity Fallen in China’s Industrial Sector in the 1990s? The Relative Importance of Structural Change and Intensity Change,” No. 200105 in CCSO Working Papers from University of Groningen, CCSO Centre for Economic Research, 2001; Lynn Price, Ernst Worree, Jonathan Sinton, and Jiang Yun, “Industrial Energy Efficiency Policy in China,” Proceedings of the 2001 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, 2001; China Energy Group of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, http://china.lbl.gov/index.html.
8Ward’s, World Motor Vehicle Data, 2003 Edition; Ward’s, World Automotive Yearbook, multiple years.
9 United Nations Environmental Program and OECD, “Reforming Energy Subsidies,” 2002, p. 12.
10OECD, National Accounts, Volume 2: 2003 edition.
11IEA (2004), pp. 37, 112. One can gain some insight into the differences for the U.S. by comparing the Bureau of Economic Analysis’ “Gross Domestic Product by Industry” data with EIA sectoral consumption figures. The comparison is slightly problematic because the groupings are not identical. However, the trends are clear.
17OECD, Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2002-2003.
19Estimates include those performed by scholars at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Arthur D. Little technological consulting group. (Jonathan G. Koomey, “Debunking an Urban Legend: How Much Electricity Does the Internet Use?,” http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid918.php, 2001; “Arthur D. Little Forecasts Minimal Increase in Power Consumption from Office and Telecommunications Equipment,” Business Wire, Nov. 8, 2001. See also: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/presentations/oiaf/speeches/0329eia.html
20“Rich Man, Poor Man,” The Economist, Sept. 25, 2003; “Income gap among urbanites widens,” China Daily,” Nov. 7, 2003.
21B. B. Bhattacharya and S. Sakthivel, Regional Growth and Disparity in India: A Comparison of Pre and Post-Reform Decades, Institute of Economic Growth Paper No. 74, 2003
22Zhong (2001); Price, et. al. (2001); China Energy Group of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, http://china.lbl.gov/index.html.
23China Energy Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, http://china.lbl.gov/appliance.html.
24 Oil revenue figures are based on EIA estimates using 2000 constant dollars unadjusted for purchasing power parity. The updated estimates can be found at OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet.
25United Nations Environmental Program and OECD, “Reforming Energy Subsidies,” 2002, p. 12. The table gives figures only for “oil producers”, excluding Russia.
26Data on Chilean export partners from www.nationmaster.com.
27Oil revenue figures are based on EIA estimates using 2000 constant dollars unadjusted for purchasing power parity.
