Indonesia's major environmental challenges involve supporting its large population. Air and water pollution have reached critical levels, especially on the most populated island of Java. Indonesia's per capita carbon dioxide emissions remain relatively low, but the large size of the country (it has the fourth largest population in the world) makes it a considerable emitter of carbon dioxide in the region. Indonesia recently completed its phase-out of leaded gasoline, with a complete ban having come into force in 2005.

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