China
Interactive
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Built or Under Construction
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Summaries
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VVER
Reactors
VVER is the Soviet
(and now, Russian Federation) designation for light water pressurized
reactor. In western countries, the PWR is used as the acronym. For
the general public, the perception may be that all Soviet-designed reactors
are identical to (or at least similar to) the reactors at Chernobyl.
The Chernobyl reactor, however, is a light-water cooled, graphite-moderated
reactor (LGR). It is considered by many experts to be a flawed design
that is vulnerable to fire. Around the time LGRs were coming on line
in the Soviet Union, early VVERs were also coming on line, many with safety
innovations based on western designs.
The international
community has encouraged the shutdown of various LGRs, but the need for
electric power and the employment the power plants provide have made this
a lengthy process. After unit 4 was destroyed by fire at Chernobyl, the
other 3 units were returned to service and one continued to operate into
the 21st century. Recently, Lithuania agreed to shut down
its two LGR units at Ignalina. The units provide nearly 80 percent of
the country’s electricity, making this a very difficult economic decision.
The
Russian Federation continues to build VVER units. While any Russian-built
unit may suffer from the image of the disaster to Chernobyl 4, the new
units conform to international standards and have developed an export
market. More information on the safety
and characteristics of VVER and other Russian models is available on another
web site.
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Updated
with data on China, Czech Republic, and India.
VVER Reactors
On Line or Under Construction
(as of December 31, 2003)
Unit
Name |
Capacity
(Gross Mwe) |
Location |
Status |
| Units
in Russia and Ukraine |
| Balakovo
1 |
1,000 |
Balakovo,
Saratov Russia |
Operational |
| Balakovo
2 |
1,000 |
Balakovo,
Saratov Russia |
Operational |
| Balakovo
3 |
1,000 |
Balakovo,
Saratov Russia |
Operational |
| Balakovo
4 |
1,000 |
Balakovo,
Saratov Russia |
Operational |
| Kalinin
1 |
1,000 |
Udolmlya,
Tver Russia |
Operational |
| Kalinin
2 |
1,000 |
Udolmlya,
Tver Russia |
Operational |
| Khemelnitski
1 |
1,000 |
Neteshin,
Khemelnitski,
Ukraine |
Operational |
| Kola
1 |
440 |
Polyarnyye
Zori,
Murmansk, Russia |
Operational |
| Kola
2 |
440 |
Polyarnyye
Zori,
Murmansk, Russia |
Operational |
| Kola
3 |
440 |
Polyarnyye
Zori,
Murmansk, Russia |
Operational |
| Kola
4 |
440 |
Polyarnyye
Zori,
Murmansk, Russia |
Operational |
| Novovoronezh
3 |
418 |
Novovoronezhskiy,
Voronezh, Russia |
Operational |
| Novovoronezh
4 |
440 |
Novovoronezhskiy,
Voronezh, Russia |
Operational |
| Novovoronezh
5 |
1,000 |
Novovoronezhskiy,
Voronezh, Russia |
Operational |
| Rostov
1 |
1,000 |
Rostov,
Russia |
Operational |
| Rovno
1 |
440 |
Kuznetsovsk,
Rovno, Ukraine |
Operational |
| Rovno
2 |
440 |
Kuznetsovsk,
Rovno Ukraine |
Operational |
| Rovno
3 |
1,000 |
Kuznetsovsk,
Rovno Ukraine |
Operational |
| South
Ukraine 1 |
1,000 |
Konstantinovka,
Nikolae Ukraine |
Operational |
| South
Ukraine 2 |
1,000 |
Konstantinovka,
Nikolae Ukraine |
Operational |
| South
Ukraine 3 |
1,000 |
Konstantinovka,
Nikolae Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
1 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
2 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
3 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
4 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
5 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Zaporzhe
6 |
1,000 |
Energodar,
Zaporzhe Ukraine |
Operational |
| Units
Built Outside Russia and Ukraine |
Country |
Unit
Name |
Capacity
(Gross Mwe) |
Status |
| Armenia |
Armenia
2 |
408 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
1 |
440 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
2 |
440 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
3 |
440 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
4 |
440 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
5 |
1,000 |
Operational |
| Bulgaria |
Kozloduy
6 |
1,000 |
Operational |
| China |
Tianwan
1 |
1,000 |
Operational |
| China |
Tianwan
2 |
1,000 |
Under
Construction |
| Czech
Republic |
Dukovany
1 |
440 |
Operational |
| Czech
Republic |
Dukovany
2 |
440 |
Operational |
| Czech
Republic |
Dukovany
3 |
440 |
Operational |
| Czech
Republic |
Dukovany
4 |
440 |
Operational |
| Czech
Republic |
Temelin
1 |
981 |
Operational |
| Czech
Republic |
Temelin
2 |
981 |
Operational |
| Finland |
Loviisa
1 |
510 |
Operational |
| Finland |
Loviisa
2 |
510 |
Operational |
| Hungary |
Paks
1 |
467 |
Operational |
| Hungary |
Paks
2 |
468 |
Operational |
| Hungary |
Paks
3 |
460 |
Operational |
| Hungary |
Paks
4 |
471 |
Operational |
| India |
Kudankulam-1 |
1,000 |
Under
Construction* |
| India |
Kudankulam-2 |
1,000 |
Planned |
| Iran |
Bushehr
1 |
|
Under
Construction |
| Iran |
Bushehr
2 |
|
Under
Construction |
| Slovak
Republic |
Bohunice
1 |
440 |
Operational |
| Slovak
Republic |
Bohunice
2 |
440 |
Operational |
*Editor’s
note: The Kudankulam reactors, largest in India, are being built by the
Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ltd. (NPCIL) with Russian assistance
under an agreement signed in Moscow. According to The Hindu, half of the
funding is being supplied by the Russians as a loan. The article also reports
that the project is ahead of schedule.
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